Cinderella vs Ella Enchanted

Cinderella vs Ella Enchanted The tale of Cinderella has been heard and read for many generations. The idea of rags to riches has appealed to countless readers through varying accounts. The plot of Cinderella has become a traditional theme. Through different cultures and eras the theme has seen many copies, remakes, twists and views in literature, theater and film. Today’s era of blended families and conflicts in class statuses may be why Cinderella has been a classic. One of those twists is seen in the film Ella Enchanted. Ella Enchanted is not the same story, Cinderella redone, but has similar theme with varying differences. A version of Cinderella has been written by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. The brothers collected and researched folk tales early in the 19th century in Germany at a time of the French invasion under Napoleon in an effort to preserve the folklore stories. The brothers â€Å"are recognized as pioneers in the field of folklore research† (O’Niell). Although it was not their original intention, the brothers became famous children’s literature writers. Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm were born in Hanau, Germany. Jacob was born on January 4, 1785 and Wilhelm on February 24, 1786 to Philipp Wilhelm and Dorothea Grimm (Ashliman). The brothers’ upbringing began in a middle class lifestyle. Things drastically changed upon the death of their father in 1796. With financial assistance from an aunt Jacob and Wilhelm move to Kassel to attend Lyzeum. They proved themselves through hard work and ten hours a day studying. Sharing the same quarters, the long hours of immersing themselves in their studies was in effort to cope with loneliness and enduring social slights. Both brothers graduated head of their class. Wilhelm, already in poor health, suffered under the strict educational schedule. He struggled with bouts of asthma (O’Niell). In 1808 the brothers lost their mother leaving Jacob and Wilhelm to manage family matters and provide for their siblings (Tartar 391). Jacob accepted a position as a librarian in Kassel and Wilhelm soon joined him. It is during this time that the brothers began collecting folklore. In 1812 their first volume, Children's and Household Tales, is published. Wilhelm passed away at the age of 73 in December 1859 followed by Jacob in September 1863 at the age of 78 (Ashliman). Their stories have been redone and retold many times over. One such story line is seen in the movie Ella Enchanted, financed by Miramax films and directed by Tommy O'Haver. Tommy O’Haver, born October 1968 in Indianapolis, Indiana, began his career making Super-8 movies at a young age (IMDb. com: Tommy O'Haver). Studying journalism, he intended to become an art critic and moved to Los Angeles in 1991 to work in the film industry. He began in the mailroom at New Line and worked his way up to video publicity. During his studies at University of Southern California, he made several short films that were shown at film festivals that received positive responses. He directed Billy’s Hollywood Screen Kiss in 1998 and Get Over It in 2001 before directing Ella Enchanted in 2004 (â€Å"Tommy O'Haver†). He continues to direct with six more features under his credit up to his most recent film, An American Crime, in 2007. Miramax Films, a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company, backed the production of Ella Enchanted. The company was founded by the Weinstein brothers, Bob and Harvey, in 1979. In 1993 they sold Miramax to the Disney company â€Å"for the greater stability that outside funding would bring† (Uhle). The company would still remain in New York but films would be distributed through Buena Vista, another subsidiary of Disney. In 2005 they left and formed their own company but Miramax remained a part of Disney. The story of Cinderella opens with the death of her mother and the grief she feels of her loss. Soon her father remarries a woman with two daughters. Although the daughters were beautiful on the outside, on the inside they were not. Cinderella was soon forced into a life of domestic servitude. A branch received from her father that she requested grows into a beautiful tree after her tears of sorrow water it. The little bird that sits in the tree is somehow magical as it gives Cinderella what she wishes. Upon learning of the three day festival where the prince is to choose a bride, she begs her stepmother to go but is refused. With the assistance of the bird Cinderella attends the event. Her identity is not revealed so the price does not know who she is. Captivated by her, he attempts to find her after her abrupt departure with one gold-covered slipper left behind. The tell tale doves inform the prince of each stepsister’s falsehood until he comes to Cinderella. The slipper fits perfectly and he recognizes the girl as his true love. Confirmed by the little doves, the prince marries Cinderella (Grimm). This version by the Grimm Bothers does not give a specific time or place setting but being a folklore tale one can assume it was in a time long past were the idea of courtship and romance was different than in today’s world. The plot’s rising action began with an invitation to a three day festival where the price is to choose a bride. Cinderella wishes to go but was given the task of sorting lintels not once but twice which she accomplished with the aid of little birds. Even though the chore was completed Cinderella was refused to attend the festival by her stepmother. The bird in the tree over her mother’s grave gave Cinderella clothes, one outfit each day, with each one more beautiful than the previous. She attended the festival where all admire her and the price is entranced by her beauty. Each day of her departure the price tries to find out who she is but she is able to elude him. On the last day she lost a slipper and the price declares he will marry the woman whom the slipper fits. The drastic measures the stepsisters execute were revealed to the price by the bird in the tree. The climax happens when Cinderella tied on the slipper and it fit. In the same moment the prince had an epiphany. He recognized her as the beautiful girl he danced with. In conclusion the price married her and at the wedding the stepsisters’ eyes were pecked out by doves as punishment when they tried to gain favor with Cinderella to share in her good fortune (Grimm). Depending on what the reader views in the story, each can come out with a different moral. The standard would be good will triumph over evil or goodness is rewarded while evil is punished. On a more humorous side, always be nice to your siblings because you never know if they are ever going to be richer than you. These morals are a little different then the movie Ella Enchanted. In the film Ella Enchanted the story begins with the birth of Ella and the gift, obedience, which is bestowed upon her by her fairy godmother, Lucinda. As Ella grows up she is plagued by the gift of obeying everything that she is told to do. Her father remarries after her mother passes away. Fed up with being at everyone’s will but her own, especially her stepmother and two stepsisters, she sets off to find Lucinda to take back the gift. With her traveling companions, a talking book and an elf she met along the way, her adventure has her outwitting magical creatures and unscrupulous characters in her goal to gain control of life. At one point she just misses her fairy godmother at a Giant’s wedding reception. Along the way she crosses paths with the kingdom's idol worshiped prince, Prince Charmont, who accompanies Ella on her journey and along the way they fall in love. Avoiding letting the prince know she must obey what she is told to do, she is determined find her fairy godmother and gain control over her own self. Fighting off the drive to kill the prince, ordered by his greedy evil uncle, Ella is able to break free of the cursed gift. She discovers what is inside her is stronger than any spell (Ella Enchanted). In the film’s establishing shot the camera has the viewer seeing through its eye gliding through an ached bell tower high above a little middle ages town and soaring over the countryside; cottages with straw roofs, green meadows spotted with patches of thick forests and fields of ripening vegetables. Color was throughout the film from backgrounds to the characters clothing. The story was mostly told by a narrator who spoke in rhyming verses that gave the viewer his point of view and through Ella’s. Background music was used when Ella’s new stepmother arrived at the home that gave the essence of upper class, elegance and pose. When Mandy showed Ella her boyfriend, Benny who was a book, light aired twinkling could be heard that emphasized magic was involved. Many cuts and intercuts were used in varying scenes. The first ones were used early in the film of Ella at her dying mother’s bedside with close-ups to show the feeling each charter was having during the conversation as well as Ella obeying. Several cuts were in the scene of a school class debate and some close-ups from Hattie to Ella as each spoke and Areida’s, Ella best friend, facial expressions. A humorous cut was employed as Ells was standing ext to a poison ivy patch when she was told to pick some flowers for a â€Å"family photo† then cut to the next day of her stepmother and stepsisters covered in an itching rash with Eritha Franklin’s song Respect as the background music. Another cut that showed different viewpoints was applied as the viewer seen Prince Char and Ella on horseback riding up a hillside then cut to what they were seeing, enslaved giants laboring in the vegetable field. In the scene at a giant’s wedding reception and near the film’s end at the coronation ceremony many cuts were used showing different angles of characters, dancers, Ella and the prince. A tracking shot was used, viewed from above, of Ella leaving through a back door of her home first viewed close then track away widening the shot to see Ella walk down the sidewalk. Another was of Prince Charmont sitting in a throne style chair close-up then the camera tracked away down the isle at the coronation ceremony filling the view of his audience. Other than the film’s shots it throws in some real life issues. The film has some integrity as it does deal with some serious problems. The main plot focused on Ella trying to find Lucinda to take back the gift of obedience. A subplot dealt with the bad conditions that many of the magical beings in the kingdom had to live under. Racial prejudice and segregation is a timeless subject and is still dealt with to date. Many of differing backgrounds and heritages are mistreated and cast aside. A believable solution is a person with political power can change the laws of the land as Price Charmont could when he became king. But the movie was not a whole lot true to life. A moral to the story is find the inner strength and courage inside you and with them you can change your world; we have the power to change within ourselves. Another moral is that you shouldn’t have to always do what people tell you and be yourself, no matter what anyone else tells you to be. Being a fairytale Ella Enchanted does violate probability with magical flying fairies, gift curses, talking snake and book. The movie contained many stereotypes of flesh hungry ogres, dancing and singing elves, greedy schemers, ignorant handsome royalty, ninja fighting, sneaky snake and rock concert teen idol worshiping females. There were also a couple of references to the Grimm Brothers and their fairytales. Cinderella and Ella Enchanted bear some resemblances. A beautiful young maiden, treated badly by her family, is assisted by magic to obtain a goal. She is upgraded to a stately position by a person of royalty and is loved for her own good qualities (Kennedy). The young prince is depicted as handsome and genuinely kind. Similarities aside, Ella is a Cinderella of the twentieth century. â€Å"Suppose Picasso had decided during his Cubist period to paint the Cinderella story. The familiar elements — the heroine, her sinister stepfamily, Prince Charming, the glass slipper — would be on the canvas somewhere, but tipped over and looking freaky. Something similar goes on in â€Å"Ella Enchanted,† a lively deconstruction of the hoary fairy tale. †(Stein). Unlike Cinderella who wants the handsome prince Ella is a headstrong woman who refuses to swoon over a charming prince (movies. com). She is not a wish only kind of person. Both protagonists obey orders; Cinderella does so willingly where as Ella does so unwillingly but must due to her gift. Both have the same antagonist; evil controlling stepmother and cruel stepsisters. Ella Enchanted goes further with including dealing with a greedy scheming uncle and his equally sneaking sidekick snake. Cinderella receives aid to be no longer taken advantage of where as Ella takes it upon herself to do something about it. â€Å"A glass slipper comes into play — not in its traditional guise as a way to take the measure of the true Cinderella — but as an item for sale at a local bazaar† (Stein). Ella Enchanted is more of a modern take than the Cinderella princess fairy tale. Each story entertains an audience of their time. Cinderella is a more charming non-humorous attraction with beautiful gowns, little doves and a hazel tree as compared to Ella Enchanted that is riddled with comedy and modern references. The combination of a magical world with wand wielding fairies, elves, giants, ogres and twentieth century pop culture humor gives the film a spellbinding appeal. The film incorporates a teen idol worship type culture with scenes of screaming maidens swooning over the dashing prince. There are pictures and posters in â€Å"Medieval teen† (magazine in film) and going to the â€Å"Middle Ages mall†. Ella Enchanted gives a present day twist to the rags to riches idea. Cinderella is one of the most recognized tales and the theme appears in stories of many cultures. It has inspired countless books, films, and dreams of young girls. The crosses of blended families and conflicts of classes through generations may be why the story has been a classic. Cited Works Ashliman, D L. Grimm Brothers' Home Page. 2009. University of Pittsburgh. 3 July 2009 . Ella Enchanted. Dir. Tommy O'Haver. Perf. Anne Hathaway and Hugh Dancy. 2004. DVD. Miramax Films. Grimm, Jacob, and Wilhelm Grimm. The Annotated Brothers Grimm. Trans. Maria Tartar. New York: W. W Nortoin & Company, Ltd, 2004. IMDb. com: Tommy O'Haver. IMDb. com, Inc. 6 July 2009 . Kennedy, Elizabeth. Cinderella, Cinderella: Online Resources. † About. com:Children's Books. 20 June 2009 . O'Niell, Thomas. â€Å"Guardians of the Fairy Tale: The Brothers Grimm. † Grimms Fairy Tales. 1999. National Geographic. 5 July 2009 Stein, Ruthe. â€Å"‘Ella Enchanted' is not your grandmother's Cinderella. † SFGate. 9 Apr. 2004. 22 June 2009 . â€Å"Synopses for Ella Enchanted (2004). † Mooviees. 2002. 22 June 2009 . â€Å"Tommy O'Haver. † Hollywood. com: Tommy O'Haver. Hollywood. com, LLC. 6 July 2009 . Uhle, Frank. â€Å"Miramax Film Corporation. † BNET. 1993. CBS Interactive Inc. 6 July 2009 .

Impact of Organized Retailing on Unorganized Retailing in India

Retailing is playing a major part in Indian business emergence. There are many modern business systems taking place in Indian market because of Globalization. But retailing is the foremost part of them which is predicted to have a better growth. When it was said retailing, organized and unorganized retailing will come in to picture to debate. Unorganized retailing is the tradition of India and organized retailing was on track from early 90’s. In this context organized retailing is successively grown in recent years. Concerns are raised by many unorganized retailers that emergence of organized retailing is showing an adverse affect on unorganized retail. The book â€Å"Impact of Organized Retailing on Unorganized Sector† discussed about the existence of adverse affect of organized retailing on unorganized sector. This book also enlightened if there exist an adverse affect, how much does organized retailing is affecting unorganized sector. OVERVIEW: This book from ICRIER discussed many considerations to bring the real impact of organized retailing on unorganized retailing. The authors while analyzing considered many factors like â€Å"Effect on employment that how organized retailing is enhancing the job opportunities and the growth prospectus. This book also gave an idea about Impact on Consumers by bringing in to picture in relation to savings when shopped in organized outlets. The authors of this book even discussed many factors out of which primarily aimed at revenues to the government from both organized and unorganized retailers. Results from consumer surveys are made to understand their savings while shopped in organized outlets and which social class of people is saving more from these outlets. Conclusion made by the authors included all the particulars mentioned above. CORE GOALS: The Core purpose of the book is to explore the positive effects of the organized retailing by studying the retail market in India. This book also aimed to answer the opposing views on organized retailing to unorganized sector. Authors designed the book in measuring the prices impact on consumer and taxation revenue to the government and overall impact on economical growth of retailing in India. The book core goal by analyzing all these factors is to understand the effect on smaller retailers in the unorganized sector by organized sector. The authors tried to give details of increase in turn over in unorganized retailing after organized retailers stepped in to the Indian retail market. The other goal is to understand and portrait the unorganized retail outlet formats and how the change in services offered by the traditional retailers to compete with organized sector. The authors also illustrated the response by the unorganized retailers to organized sector to compete. SUPPORT AND DATA: Many surveys are conducted nationally to understand the employment impact of unorganized retailers. It was understood that unorganized outlets hire family members in average of 1. 5 persons per store. Where they employ hired labor in an average of 1. 1 per outlet (ICRIER report 2008). Interestingly there is a subsidiary improvement in overall employment in these sampled outlets over the existence of organized outlets near by. How ever there has been a general increase in employment in unorganized retail field after the existence of organized retailers which averaged at 21months. Over all we can identify the employment growth in the traditional retail outlets in India increased by 2. 2 times than earlier (ICRIER Retail by Mathew J, Sanghamitra S, pg83). As it was known organized retailing allowed better employment it also in some way pushed the growth of employment in unorganized sector. This book also showed that there exists a relationship between period of existence of organized outlets and employment effect. It says, if there exist an adverse effect, it carries off with time. Interestingly from the country wide sample it was shown that south and east part of India has observed an increase in employment (ICRIER report, table 5. 4 and chart 5. 1c, pg84). It is to understand after an average period of 21months there is no adverse effect on unorganized sector and they evenly initiated competing with organized outlets. Impact of turnover of unorganized retailing was keenly observed by the authors. Result with national sample of unorganized outlets turnover. It was understood that there exist a depression of annual turnover in unorganized sector at initial tages. Though there is a downfall in annual turnover, steady increase in the turnover and profit too is observed after an average 21months existence of organized retailers (Table 4. 2a, pg84). According to the survey table 4. 3a, unorganized retailers have indicated a number of steps taken in response to competition from organized retail, such as adding new product lines and brands, better display, renovation of the store, introduction of self service, enhanced home delivery, more credit sales, acceptance of credit cards, etc. This allowed consumers to consume better service from unorganized outlets. The authors also identified that currently 22% of unorganized retailers installed technological facilities to provide better service and to speedup the competition from organized retailers. Boost in exports and advantages to the urban producers in terms of superior price, strong processing of supply chain by the organized retailers brought new technologies and reduce in consumer price. The book even investigated the preference of consumers for organized and unorganized outlets. Authors sampled a nationwide data and found that 43% to 46% of organized customers declared that they are spending 30% of their spending on food and grocery in organized outlets. Shoppers at unorganized outlets preferred 61% of their spending in traditional outlets. Authors highlighted a very important fact organized retailers are bringing revenue to the government by paying huge taxes and where unorganized retailers don’t pay any taxes. IMPLICATIONS: Of all the observations the authors suggested, Simplification of the licensing and permit system for organized retail and move towards a nationwide uniform licensing system in the states to facilitate modern retail. Encourage co-operatives and links of unorganized retailers for direct procurement from suppliers and farmers. The book also suggested ensuring better credit availability to unorganized retailers from banks and micro-credit institutions through innovative banking solutions. To assist the formation of co-operative retailing of traditional stores, which in turn can undertake direct procurement of products from manufacturers and farmers. They also suggested by eliminating intermediaries, unorganized retail stores can obtain their supplies at lower prices, while farmers get better prices for their produce. CONCLUSION: Up on analyzing and observing the facts it was concluded that unorganized retailers in the vicinity of organized retailers experienced a decline in their volume of business and profit in the initial years after the entry of large organized retailers. The adverse impact of sales and profit on unorganized sector weakens over time. There were no facts of a decline in overall employment in the unorganized sector as a consequence of the entry of organized retailers. It was identified and concluded that there is a competitive response from traditional retailers through improved business practices and adopting advanced technologies as organized retailers. With the entry of organized retailers it was observed that overall spending of consumers is increased. It was said that consumers are definitely benefited from organized retailers in multiple benefits. Through the surveys made by ICRIER it was concluded that while all income groups saved through organized retail outlets, lower income groups are the one who benefited. Thus at the end it was concluded that organized retail is relatively more beneficial to the less wealthy consumers.

Main Features of Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay

Main Features of Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example This is why generating ideas is important, to identity potential innovations in either advertising or actual product development. Certain products and services have limited life cycles, meaning that they move from launch to growth to maturity in shorter periods of time (Keegan and Green, 2009). In order to maintain competitiveness, an entrepreneur must always develop new concepts in order to create products or services with longer sales potential and keep the business distinctive and original from competing firms. Strategic objectives are defined as â€Å"short-term statements that detail specifically how an organisation will achieve its long-term goals† (Nickels, McHugh and McHugh, 2005: 215). Once ideas have been generated about how the business will position itself, it is necessary to set-up and identify the steps required to achieve long-term strategy. This might include conceiving how to establish an organisational structure (vertical or horizontal), how to focus on human resources for people development, or determine advertising strategy. Objectives are important as they serve as a framework for how the business will achieve long-term market position or growth. Market analysis and market research Boone and Kurtz (2005) again identify the importance of market analysis, which is understanding what consumers value, their purchasing preferences and their lifestyle or family trends. A business must conduct either qualitative or quantitative research to determine how to segment customers for marketing and also how to target them effectively with promotions, pricing and advertising. The company can perform surveys or questionnaires, as two examples, in order to determine how it will provide effective products and services that will be appreciated and adopted by selected target customers. It is necessary for the entrepreneur to understand these consumer attitudes in a variety of different dimensions for the business to be able to compete successfully. Mark et analysis is about gaining knowledge of buyer behaviour and then applying customer service principles that will best satisfy customer needs. Market analysis is also about understanding the different forces that impact business success or will contribute to its failure. Michael Porter developed a framework known as the Five Forces Model that describes risk of competition, supplier and buyer power in the market, and threat of substitute products (Porter, 2011). A business needs to understand the volume of competition in the industry in order to develop a risk management model. Since entrepreneurs will also be procuring inventories from various vendors, the business needs to conduct market analysis to understand how much leveraging power it will have against suppliers and how to establish an efficient supply and value chain framework. It is vital to have knowledge of how the external market operates and this can only be accomplished through market analysis processes, such as PEST ana lyses. Understanding competition â€Å"To differentiate means to create a benefit that customers perceive as being of greater value to them than what they can get elsewhere† (Zwierzynski, 2009: 1). An entrepreneur must understand what competition is doing in terms of product delivery, service principles, or even advertising in order to create a unique market positioning strategy. Without knowledge of what competition is performing in the industry, it will be impossible to innovate to make differentiated products

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INTRO to SOCIOLOGY - Essay Example Such perspectives may be thought of as certain models of social reality. Indeed, each theoretical perspective offers general postulates about the way society works, and for this purpose tries to correspondingly interpret numerous facts of a societys functioning and development. As with other models which human beings employ for understanding the world, like in science, philosophy, and in our everyday goings-on, sociological perspectives construct models with the aim to uncover the meaning of what we regularly witness around us. However, particular models often tend to highlight some specific characteristics of the complex social network of interdependencies, and thus turn out to accentuate different elements of a societys structure and functioning. Some perspectives even proclaim the refusal to accept the indisputable universal validity of offered perspectives as such. In general, while such narrow focuses of sociological perspectives may be quite warranted if we consider that they h elp to concentrate the research on one problem or a set of closely-related problems for their proper clarification, there is a flip side of a coin as hardly any concrete theoretical sociological perspective may be righteously considered to be the best one. The reason for this is not only in the fact that conscious contraction of research space to one particular perspective makes the investigation inherently limited. After all, this limitation can be mitigated by addressing many alternative perspectives which in combination may produce a more coherent picture of social phenomena. The more subtle problem is rather in the limitations of sociological perspectives due to their mostly theoretical background which, if due to some reason it lags behind the actual social tendencies, may hinder productive efforts to build the most adequate model of social reality. Still, this problem seems to be inevitable in our dynamic social environment with its unprecedented level of change in many sphere s of our life. Nevertheless, this should not discourage us from attempts to achieve the proper level of understanding of the roots and hidden driving forces behind existing social problems with the help of sociological perspectives. Rather, with the above considerations in mind we should be able to properly see when different sociological perspectives can be effectively employed, and which strong and weak points each of them contains. For this purpose, let us overview the so-called conflict and symbolic interactionist sociological perspectives, and identify a social problem which can be analysed with the help of those perspectives. Theorists of the conflict perspective are interested in the macro level of society and see it not as a solidary formation but as a battle-field for power struggles. Under this view, people are not really co-operating for social benefits, but instead are advancing their particular interests at the expense of other people. The notion of power plays a major role here, and can be defined as the ability of a person, or a group of persons, to fulfil their own will regardless of the existing disagreement of other people who are involved in their actions. Marx is a famous conflict theorist who viewed the conflict between classes as

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Managerial leadership - Assignment Example The movie establishes different characters, playing different social roles and it is upon their intrinsic roles, that the movie presents the theory of social leadership. Trevor McKinney Trevor McKinney, being the main character denotes a social person, who was ready to mingle with anybody in the society as long as he perceived the need to solve a given problem in the person. Trevor lives a disturbed life as his mother is a drunkard while the father is always away, but insinuates psychological torture whenever he goes back to his family. Despite all the mayhem surrounding Trevor’s life, he engaged in a plan to give the society the best of his help following Mr. Simonet’s intervention to help him remit help to the society. In his quest to people in the society, Trevor embarks on shared leadership strategies, whereby he ensures that his subjects derive an environment to portray their initiatives (Graen, & Graen, 2006:45). Trevor portrays the concept of shared purpose by ta rgeting to help the affected individuals who he happens to meet during his life. For instance, he perceives the plight of the homeless man, Jerry as overwhelming and requiring immediate redress. Trevor’s obsession to help the affected individuals emanates from the desire of accountability in rendering long-lasting solutions after having been a victim of antisocial circumstances. Trevor establishes a concept of internal definition of the antisocial effects that the subjects undergo before redemption. He is a victim of similar circumstances and seeks to alleviate them from their current situations. However, Trevor’s devotion aims at ensuring a continuous rate of repossession of the ideas upon his subjects, who will further deliver the attributes other needy people in the society (Crosby, 2005:87). Such an aspect shall ensure continuity in delivering fruitful leadership policies to alleviate the problems of the entire society. Eugene Simonet In the movie, Eugene Simonetâ €™s role inspires his social studies student, Trevor to perceive the need to overcome his social fears, and seek to provide the society with the best alternative solutions to their problems. At such a point, the teacher represented the characteristics of fear and the need to ensure that the society derives earlier resolutions into alleviating prevailing problems before prolonged and imminent scars control their livelihoods (Miller, 2009:69). Arguably, the movie portrays the teacher with possessing facial and neck scars that the people are unable to withstand. However, Simonet reacts positively to the stigma and ensures that he devices knowledgeable approaches that would serve to rescue other individual from being victimized into the same situation (Chrispeels, 2004:58). Simonet expresses the concepts of accountability, partnership, and ownership by expressing his views to Trevor and the need for him to devise an appropriate approach that would serve as remedies to the affected i ndividuals. He solely derives the importance of acquainting individuals with present advantages that would service the prevailing social problems. Therefore, he intrigues into the people’s future lives and understands their mishaps. Therefore, he ascertains that the best correctional approach to alleviate the social discontent would be through

Descriptive Statistics in Research Domains Essay - 1

Descriptive Statistics in Research Domains - Essay Example In the simplest terms, the mean represents the average of a group of data and is the most widely used descriptive statistic since further statistical analysis tends to depend on the mean and its variance (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The research under analysis examined the medical home model for its robustness as a predictor of â€Å"decreased utilization of health services and increased patient satisfaction† (Cooley, McAllister, Sherrieb, & Kuhlthau, 2009). Data was collected through 43 differentiated care practices that were being implemented under 7 different medical home model regimes in 5 different states in the United States. The overall sample set consisted of 42 children though most children were affected by more than one condition including chronic medical problems. The study is more exploratory than experimental since it seeks to establish the efficacy of an already implemented medical care system. The Medical Health Index (MHI) was utilized to measure the â€Å"medical homeness† of each medical home concept model (Cooley, McAllister, Sherrieb, & Kuhlthau, 2009). The research investigated various independent variables such as organizational capacity, condition management, care coordinatio n etc. in order to measure the MHI for each model. It was found that a higher MHI signified a more effective medical home concept model. Overall the study was easy to read and the assumptions were clearly spelt out to aid understanding. The mean is typically utilized in conjunction with the standard deviation to express the conformance of data to a centralized average. The internal validity of data can be established if the collected data tends to exhibit with a mean with a low standard deviation (Creswell, 2009). The mean was employed throughout the research being analysed for describing the total outcome for various variables and correlation levels. The mean for a particular variable is calculated by using the overall sample set and calculating its average.  

CRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Legal Requirements of a Will - Essay Example Having understood the meaning of the will, the next step in the process of formation of the will is to understand the requirements of creating the will which has to be legally binding in the Court of law. Following are the conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to have a legally binding Will: 1. The Will made by the Testator must be the final version of his Will. There shall be no will made by him before he finally signs the Will, if in case there is a Will previous to the final Will then that Will shall be terminated and duly notified in the existence of the new and the final draft. 2. The Will shall be signed by the Testator 3. The Will shall have two witnesses at the least, and the witness’s shall have no inheritance of the assets in the structure of the Will, as they are supposed to be independent people who have no interest coming out from the creation of the Will. The Will should be signed by them. 4. The Testator has to be of sound mind and should be above 18 years of age. 5. The Testator should have an executer to execute the Will in the favour of the beneficiaries after his death, since the executer is the one who is responsible for the execution of the Will and making sure that the beneficiaries get their due share in accordance to the Will. 6. The Testator has to clearly identify the inheritors of his will and has to account for his property in full valuation.

Trump Entrepreneurial Initiative Research Paper

Trump Entrepreneurial Initiative - Research Paper Example TEI started in 2005 as Trump University and changed in 2010 to its new name. It offers programs to develop next generation entrepreneurs, innovators and business builders. However, it is involved in a battle in courts with New York State Attorney General Mr. Schneiderman over impropriety of $40 million from 5,000 consumers for promise of success in entrepreneurial activities. It PEST environment shows a number of challenges and opportunities the organization has in its pursuit of its mission and vision to entrepreneurs. The code of ethics outlines that employees have to be honest and true to their work. The management of plan of the organization is working with Donald Trump at the top, followed by the CEO and other executives. However, there is a lot to be done in terms of reorganizing the organization to become more functionally effective and efficient. This will also see the organization clear its reputation and maintain a standardized brand. TEI focuses on offering education through four major categories: Entrepreneurship, Wealth Creation, real Estate and Management. Every topic amongst these is taught via a variety of mediums like home study kits, online courses, and via live retreats/seminars. It charges a fee ranging amid $1,500 and$35,000.TEI is a program that is yet to be accredited, meaning you won’t really get an actual college credits or degree upon completion. The entire courses and products offered at TEI are supported by satisfaction guarantee of Trump. If for any given reason you end up un-satisfied with your education, you are allowed 30 days to claim a complete money back refund, and nonetheless, you must be in a position to return every part of your materials. Â  On the August 24th, 2013, the attorney general of New York Mr. Eric Schneiderman sued Mr. Donald Trump for US $40 million, by stating the mogul of real estate assisted run a fake "Trump University" which promised to make students wealthy b ut instead guided them into expensive as well as mostly useless retreats/seminars, and even was unsuccessful in delivering promised apprenticeships. In his response, Donald Trump refuted the allegations, terming the New York Attorney general as a political hack who is looking for publicity as he claimed the school has received a 98% approval rating from its students (Thomas 1). According to the editorial board of New York Times Mr. Schneiderman’s suit provides compelling evidence to believe the existence of a bait-and-switch scheme. It is can be deduced from the ongoing that Donald Trump was involved in unethical practice and did not deliver as required even though he claims otherwise. This can be explained by the fact that he is facing consumers of the products and services of Trump University and is one of an escalating number of for-profit colleges that have seen a handful of personal, class action as well as government suits against them. In a nutshell the greatest promis e of TEI is Trump’s satisfaction guarantee. However, as a distinguished real estate and media mogul Trump is also targeted politically by those looking for political favors and contribution to achieve their political ambitions. This is visible when the relationship and meeting of the Trumps and TEI’

MIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MIS - Essay Example Each of these ERPs have their own unique infrastructure of the operating system, interfaces and databases hence making the modification of new inter-organizational systems to suit with the available ERPs expensive and time consuming. This leads to reluctance of the business partners in integrating with these inter-organizational system. (Chuo & Vincent, 2008, p.117-118) The second challenge facing inter-organizational systems is heterogeneity of the IT environments, technical skills, and financial resources of its trading partners. Most companies in an extended supply chain have the ability to some type of electronic transmission e.g. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), file transfer etc. but with varied specific capabilities. Many small suppliers, may not have the internal infrastructure required to adopt the IOS. Therefore, each of the business partners will, have to incur cost of converting their infrastructure to comply with the new inter-organizational system. With the partners a dopting the new infrastructure, they would benefit from the ability to use the same approach to connect to any other business partner or even to disparate internal systems. However the implementation of these new architecture will require time, money, and technical knowledge that not all partners might be able or willing to commit to. (Chuo & Vincent, 2008, p.117-118) Solutions to the Challenges For the organization to succeed in encouraging its business partners for an electronic integration with its heterogeneous IT architecture, there has to be way of insulating these partners from the complexity and dynamism of its enterprise IT architecture. Therefore, the solution here is to create a reusable middle-ware platform to enable passing of standardized information between its backend systems and those of the business partners. This platform will also ensure that the initiator is also insulated from its business partners’ changing technologies which they use to connect to the initiator. (Chen &Chin, 2006, p.87) The solution to heterogeneity of the infrastructure of the business partners will be to not requiring each of the business partners’ upgrade to the new architecture but give them a range of options of electronic transmission to choose from i.e. EDI, File transfer and any other suite for web-based transactions. The development of a platform for managing these IOS will requires outsourcing so as to help in standardization on a single technology e.g. web-based service hence reducing the costs associated with developing and running the platform by themselves. (Chen &Chin, 2006, p.87) Advantages of Inter-organizational systems Adoption of IOS can create new ways of achieving vertical integration apart from merging the firms. IOS reduces the transaction cost between the buyer and the seller and when this occurs, technology could be a catalyst in altering the optimal size of the firm hence allowing it to focus on its main core business without wor ry on the high transactions costs with the partners. The IOS has advantage of promoting highly coupled relationships between the trading partners in the supply chain. This is driven by the need for total quality management where manufacturers and retailer must develop close relationships with the suppliers and realize their importance. This is necessitated by intense foreign competition that has resulted in a shrinking market hence need for close relationshi

Limitations of Intelligence assessment Essay Example for Free

Limitations of Intelligence assessment Essay Intelligence is defined as the ability for abstract thinking . It is the ability of an individual to act in a purposeful manner and think rationally as well as interact with the environment in an effective way. Some have also said that intelligence is whatever the intelligence tests assess which is usually dependent on the preferences of the test developer. According to Piaget, Intelligence is an equilibrium state towards which successive adaptatations of cognitive and sensorimotor patterns as well as accomodatory and assimilatory interactions between organism and environment tend towards (Flynn, 2007). Limitations of Intelligence assessment An intelligence assessment test does not show what an individual can do in specific areas and does not assess specific conditions such as dyslexia. A person with dyslexia may still have high intelligence quotient. An intelligence quotient score can be deceptive in that people with same IQ can have very different intellectual abilities. Furthermore, an IQ test does not measure raw intelligence or any absolute, inherent or innate ability. The IQ test is just a relative index of intelligence assessment which only compares one person’s performance with another of his own age (Flynn, 2007). Strengths of Intelligence assessment The strength lies in its purpose which can be educational, medical, research and vocational. In terms of vocation, IQ tests are used for vocational guidance as different vocations call for different aptitudes . In research IQ test are used to study mental growth as mental ability develop sequentially from birth onwards and so intelligence assessment can be used to see direction of individual and group curve it is also used in research to indicate the extent of differences of IQs among children of same calendar age and this will imply the need to provide materials at the different levels of difficulty. In medicine, IQ assessment is used to characterize the degree of mental retardation so as to evolve adequate management strategies. In education, it is used to identify gifted children and for homogenous grouping of children for educational effectiveness.

Duffys poetry Essay Example for Free

Duffys poetry Essay A critic has writ7ten that Duffys poetry is primarily concerned with human failings. To what extent do you feel this is true of The Worlds Wife? Refer to two or three poems in detail or range more widely through the whole collection. Carol Ann Duffys collection of The Worlds Wife revolves a lot around the subject of human failings. Duffys use of everyday language allows her poems to be interpreted by everyone. In the collection of The Worlds Wife she tackles serious issues such as gender, contemporary culture, alienation and social inequality. These themes allow her to writing to appeal to a contemporary audience and delivers key messages. The theme of arrogance is seen in several poems, in Mrs Icarus we see that she finds his arrogance unappealing and that she feels as if men feel they can defy the acts of God hes a total, utter absolute, Grade A pillock. This is similar to Faust, who sold his sole to the devil in return for twenty-four years of unlimited pleasure, knowledge and power; he boasts I spent the night being pleasured by a virtual Helen of Troy. Dr Faustus lack of self control, ignorance and plain arrogance could be assumed to be a failing, although he lived a happy life his inhibitions to be successful he needed the aid of the devil therefore he was doomed from the beginning. Here we can see the obvious links between the two poems and how the two characters egotistical ways led to their failure. One interesting failure Duffy uses is seen in the poem The Devils Wife, Duffy interestingly splits this poem into six sections which all relate back to different themes, we see the value of a relationships, motherhood and repentance. The poem is written based on the background history of the Moors Murders, with the protagonist Myra Hindley and how she became besotted with sociopath Ian Brady. In the first part of the poem we as the readers see how Duffy, displays Hindley as being the ordinary office worker with a crush I scowled and poured and sneered. I gave as good as good as I got till he asked me out we can see that she was the one who initiated the whole relationship. The story changes He entered me. From this moment she was now his, this could be another failing that men have more control than women and she was just his puppet he made me bury a doll. Duffy uses an interesting metaphor here, she say doll instead of a child as a doll is thought to be a childs toy and just a possession which they eventually no longer require. It ends with I felt like this: Tongue of stone. Two black slates for eyes. Thumped wound of a mouth. Nobodys Mam. We can see that she has become so obsessed with him, her life has changed forever. Also we are able to identify another theme of motherhood, people were unable to understand how Hindley was able to commit the most abhorrent, sadistic and unforgivable crimes against children as women are associated with protective mother love. We then see that in the third part of the poem, Duffy uses a sonnet in an untraditional form; instead of it being the ordinary love poem, the lack of punctuation shows Hindleys state of mind and shes finally repenting and blaming Brady for all of the murders. The final part of the poem gives different forms of execution and she finally admits she was in fact the Devil wife. Although this poem is lengthy, the key themes all relate to the main subject of human failings, love is a key importance in this poem He held my heart in his fist and squeezed it dry. Here we can see that men are dominant in relationships and Brady was in control of Hindley, which could be deemed a failing. Also motherhood is a joyous gift in life and could be one of the most important things in life but Hindley displays apathy towards children and lets Brady control her life I flew in my chainswhere wed buried the doll. Finally we see another theme of repentance Get me a Bible honestly promise you swear but by the time she finally realised her mistakes it was too late. Another them used is Power, this could also be assumed as a failing. In Mrs Midas, in which she finds that everything her husband touches turns to gold; soon after she realises the marriage will not work because of her husbands selfishness. I thought of the Field of the Cloth of Gold and of Miss Macready. Here we can see that her husband valued wealth above everything else, but it wasnt until he accidently touched his daughter he realised the mistake of his greed that was his failing. In The Kray Sisters, Duffy subverts the original story by using female portrayals instead of men; the poem uses cockney slang which allows us as readers to interact more with the poem and makes it more believable. The Kray Twins ran a protective racket, and were well known West End gangsters. The poem actually displays the success of the twins and how they were feared among the streets. However interestingly this so-called respect may have given the Krays the authority they wanted We wanted respect for the way we entered a bar, or handled a car, or shrivelled a hard-on with simply a menacing look However ultimately this respect led to the demise of the twins and they may have ruled the west end during their time but landed themselves a life-sentence in prison. Was it really worth it? Respect and honour are meant to be earned with dignity not by threatening and violating people; therefore I think that although this poem contains positive connotations it ultimately displays a failing. Duffys collection of the Worlds Wife is an interesting selection of poems and it is clear that one of the major themes associated with the collection is Human Failings, although these are not seen clearly and not every persona fails the actions they carry out could be assumed as a failing. The ironical and satirical way Duffy writes displays the dark humour of The Worlds Wife we can see that Duffy tries to impersonate the wives of famous characters both factious and fictions.

Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Nickel-Cobalt Hydroxides

Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Nickel-Cobalt Hydroxides Effect of synthesis temperature on the morphology and pseudocapacitive behavior of Nickel-Cobalt layered double hydroxides Li-Ming Lua, Shan-Shan Xua, Rui-Qi Fenga, Zhan-Bing He b, Tie-Zhen Rena* and Teresa J. Bandoszc a School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130 China b State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’The City college of New York, 160 Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031. * Corresponding author. Tel. +86 22 60204909. Email:[emailprotected] Abstract   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   A facile one-step method for preparing nickel/cobalt layered double hydroxides (Ni/Co LDH) in a mixture of NH4Cl/NaOH solutions in the temperature range 45-85 oC is introduced. Ni/Co LDH consists of ultrathin nanosheets of various thicknesses assembled into porous nanostructures/microspheres. The mixed solution provides OH, whose amount depends on the temperature, for reactions with Ni2+/Co2+ leading to the formation of hydroxides. The sample prepared at 70  °C shows the highest capacitance of 1142 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1.That capacitance decreases about 15 % to 970 F g-1 at a high current density of 10 A g-1. The temperature effect on the arrangement of microsphere is apparent and Ni/Co LDH prepared at 70 oC has the most defectless texture (microspheres). The asymmetrical supercapacitor consisting of this sample as an anode and an activated carbon (AC) as a cathode works in a broad potential window from 0 to 1.6 V. The energy density of the Ni/Co of such a system reaches 58.13 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 160 W kg-1 owing to the intersectional nanosheets and unrestricted accessibility of electrolyte to the reaction centers. Even at a high discharge current density of 2 A g-1, the energy density still remains at 45.78 Wh kg-1 with a power density of 1600 W kg-1. Keywords: mild temperature, layered double hydroxides, energy density, asymmetric supercapacitors. 1. Introduction Nowadays, the development of efficient supercapacitors with high energy density is of paramount importance [1, 2]. Generally, supercapacitors can be classified into electrochemical double layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors [3]. In theory, pseudocapacitors exhibit a higher capacitance and energy density than the double layer capacitors. The latter stores electrical charge mainly at the electrode/electrolyte interface. However, the energy stored in supercapacitors is about 10 times smaller than that in batteries. This severely limits their applications where a high power density is required [4]. Therefore, there is a need to develop and to explore the advanced performance electrode materials for their applications in energy storage devices. Layered double hydroxides (LDH), especially Ni/Co LDH compounds, are considered as materials of promising properties when applied in supercapacitors [5-7]. In their structure Co2+ can be oxidized to conductive CoOOH during redox reactions resulting in the improvement in conductivity of electrode materials [5]. For instance, Ni/Co LDHs hollow microspheres obtained in SiO2 templates exhibited the specific capacitance of 2171 F g-1 at the current density of 1 A g-1 [6]. Another examples are ultrathin NiCo-based LDH prepared at 120  °C, which displayed remarkable specific capacitance of 1537 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 [5]. It is important to mention that Ni/Co LDH referred as hydrotalcite-like compounds allow the intercalation of negatively charged anions within the interlayer space [7, 8]. This is expected to enhance the capacitive performance. Thus Lee et al. synthesized ÃŽÂ ±-Ni(OH)2 through exchange of intercalated dodecyl sulfate anions by smaller anions (Cl, NO3, OAc and SO42-). They found that larger anions hindered the mobility of OH ions toward the surface of Ni(OH)2 sheets and Cl intercalated Ni(OH)2 exhibited excellent capacitance. Especially, the Cl ions located in the interlayer space were found as increasing its hydration level and thus enhanced the facile exchange and transport of OH ions [9]. Hu et al. reported the effect of intercalated anions on the size of an interlayer spacing, morphologies, and capacitive performance of four different ÃŽÂ ±-cobalt hydroxides. Their results showed the Cl intercalated sample as the one of the marked capacitance. The good performance was linked to its high proton affinity [10]. In this work, we introduce a wet chemical approach to prepare Cl intercalated Ni/Co LDH. The synthesis is done below 85 °C, which is the lower temperature than those reported in other hydrothermal methods [11, 12]. In designing the method, it was expected that OH ions from the solution of NH4Cl/NaOH will reacts with Ni2+/Co2+ to generate Ni/Co LDH. An important aspect is that the amount of the released OH ions should be affected by the temperature. Thus the synthesis temperature is a factor, which we expect to govern the nanosheets assembling process and thus the final morphology of the materials. The effect of that morphology on capacitive behavior is investigated. 2. Experimental 2.1 Preparation of Ni/Co-LDH microspheres All reagents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. In a typical synthesis process, 3.75 mmol of Co(NO3)2 ·6H2O and 3.75 mol of Ni(NO3)2 6H2O were dissolved in 20 ml of water to form a pink solution (Solution A). 40 mmol of NH4Cl was added in 0.076 mol L-1 NaOH (180 mL) to form a transparent solution (Solution B); Then, the solution A was poured into 180 ml of the solution B with the final pH value of 9, in which the metal hydroxide mixtures were obtained. After stirring for 5 minutes, the solution was sealed in a glass bottle and transferred into an oven kept at a predetermined temperature (40, 55, 70 and 85  °C) for 15h. After cooled at room temperature, the obtained Ni/Co-LDH samples were washed with ethanol and water several times and dried in an oven at 60  °C for 12 h. The samples are referred to as Ni/Co LDH-x (x represents the reaction temperature of either 40, 55, 70 or 85  °C). 2.2 Characterization methods X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured on a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer operated at 40 kV and 40 mA, Cu KÃŽÂ ± radiation source (ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  0.154 nm) was used. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) experiments were carried out on Bruker Vector 22 infrared spectroscopy in the range of 400 to 4000 cm-1with KBr tablets. Scanning electron microscopy studies (SEM) were performed on JSM-6490LV field emission scanning electron microscope. The sample was dispersed on the conductive tape fixed on the aluminum support. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis was performed on a FEI Tecnai G20 microscope at 200 keV. The elemental analysis of as-prepared powder carried out using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF, CIT-3000SL). 2.3 Electrochemical tests To evaluate the electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials, thee Ni/Co LDH samples were mixed with acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in a mass ratio of 75:20:5. Homogeneous pastes obtained in ethanol were coated on a nickel foam substrate. The coated nickel foam was then pressed at 10 MPa and the obtained plate was used as a working electrode after dried at 60  °C for 12 h. The cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) of the as-obtained samples were carried out on a IM6 ZENNIUM electrochemical workstation in a three-electrode cell. The mass of working electrode was about 8 mg. The capacitance was measured in 6M KOH electrolyte using a platinum wire as a counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. EIS tests were conducted in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 mHz with alternating current oscillation of 5 mV. The electrochemical performance of an asymmetric supercapacitor was invest igated in a two-electrode cell of coin-type (CR2025), in which the prepared materials were used as a positive electrode and activated carbon- as a negative electrode. The experiments were carried out on the Land-CT2001A battery system in the potential range from 0 to 1.6 V. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characterization of materials The typical powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns provide the information on the degree of crystallinity and the crystal structure of the Ni/Co LDH materials (Figure 1a) The distinct characteristic diffraction peaks on XRD patterns at 2ÃŽÂ ¸ 11.1, 22.2, 33.4 and 38.5 are indexed as (003), (006), (009) and (015) plane reflections of the hydrotalcite-like LDH phase, respectively [11, 13]. Increasing the reaction temperature leads to a slight increase in the intensity of the diffraction peaks. According to the Bragg equation, the calculated interlayer space of Ni/Co LDH is 0.79 nm. Ma et al. reported that the layered transitional metal hydroxides nanocones displayed a variety of interlayer space sizes depending on the kind of intercalated ions [12]. The values were 0.8 nm for NO3, 0.92 nm for ClO4, and 0.79 nm for Cl. Our results suggest that Cl ions are present in the interlayer space of the synthesized ÃŽÂ ±-phase compounds. FT-IR spectra of all samples are presented in Figure 1b. The broad band at about 3449 cm-1 is characteristic of the stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups hydrogen-bond to H2O [1]. The band at about 1630 cm-1 represents the bending mode of water molecules [10]. For all samples, three bands at 1476, 1349 and 854 cm-1 are linked to the typical features of carbonate ions [14]. Their presence is linked to the reactivity of hydroxides with atmospheric CO2. Bands below 800 cm-1represent stretching modes of metal-oxygen in the hydrotalcite-like lattice [1]. The band at about 649 cm-1 is assigned to Ni-OH bending. The absorption band at around 514 cm-1 represents the Co-O stretching vibrations [15]. The results indicate that the synthesized materials are nickel and cobalt layered double hydroxides. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphologies of the obtained Ni/Co LDH materials prepared at different temperatures. Figure 2a shows a typical SEM image of Ni/Co LDH-40. There microspheres with a size around 3 ÃŽÂ ¼m and a small amount of aggregated nanosheets is visible (Fig. 2a inset). The micro-spherical particles consist of numerous interconnected nanosheets with thickness of about 30 nm. The morphology of Ni/Co LDH-55 presented in Figure 2b resembles that of Ni/Co LDH-40. The nanosheets with thickness around 20 nm are gathered in 3-D arrangements (Fig. 2b inset). When the reaction temperature increases to 70  °C, the microspheres of sample Ni/Co LDH-70 become well defined,defectless and uniform (Fig. 2c). Their size distribution is narrow with maximum at 3 ÃŽÂ ¼m. The detailed features of Ni/Co LDH-70 are shown in the Figure 2c (inset) where high-quality 3D flower-like microspheres are visible. The thickness of the nanosheets is about 15 nm. Wh en the Ni/Co LDH material was prepared at 85  °C, the microspheres are not well-defined and some debris are visible (Fig. 2d). The spherical particles have a loose structure and some collapsed nanosheets overlay each other to construct larger sheets. Enlargement of the flower-like microsphere indicates that the nanosheets are interconnected and well-organized in three dimension (Fig. 2d inset). The thickness of nanosheets increases slightly when the temperature increases from 70  °C to 85  °C.    In order to confirm the defectless microsphere/nanosheet morphology of Ni/Co LDH-70 sample, its internal structure has been further investigated by TEM. Figure 3a shows that the microsphere is assembled from nanosheets and the diameter of the microsphere is around 3 ÃŽÂ ¼m. The internal structure of microsphere is spacious and the nanosheets are the aggregates of even thinner layers. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra were recorded for all samples. On the spectra, three marked peaks at 6.93, 7.48 and 8.26 KeV are identified as Co KÃŽÂ ±, Ni KÃŽÂ ± and Ni KÃŽÂ ², respectively. This supports the co-existence of Ni and Co elements in all samples. Moreover, a peak at about 2.62 KeV is assigned as Cl KÃŽÂ ±, which originates from the interlayer anion Cl. It is interesting that the Ni/Co ratio of the as-obtained samples increased gradually with an increase in the temperature. This may be linked to the differences to the solubility constants of hydroxides (Ksp(Co(OH)2 )>Ksp(Ni(OH)2)) and to the effect of temperature on that solubility [11].    The results obtained suggest that the reaction temperature plays a crucial role in the formation of microspheres. The nucleation of Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 took places upon the addition of metal ions to the NH4Cl/NaOH solution. In such a system the involvement of OH in the formation of metal hydroxides competes with the formation of ammonia (NH4Cl+ NaOH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢NH4+ + OH + NaCl à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢NH3 + H2O, Co2+ + OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Co(OH)2, Ni2++ OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ni(OH)2). This affects the amount of OH reacting with metal ions. The size of nanosheets/hydroxide units increases with an increasing temperature owing to more energy provided to the system. This leads to a gradual increase in the sizes of microspheres built of these nanosheets. Even though the temperature range of the alkaline solution was not very broad and between 40 and 85  °C, 70  °C was found as the only temperature resulting in the uniform and defectless microspheres. Lower temperature of the system has an adverse effect on the formation of microspheres, likely due to the thicker nanosheets than those formed at 70 oC. On the other hand, higher temperature likely leads to collapsing of the formed microspheres [16]. 3.2 Electrochemical tests To evaluate the electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials, the cycling voltammetry (CV) curves were measured for Ni/Co LDH materials at a scan rate of 5 mv s-1 in 6M KOH aqueous solution (Fig. 4a). It is clearly seen that all curves exhibit a pair of redox peaks. An anodic peak is around 0.45 V and a cathodic peak- at about 0.2 V. They represent typical features of Faradaic pseudocapacitance representing the following reactions [6, 17]. Ni(OH)2 + OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  NiOOH +H2O +e-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (1) Co(OH)2 + OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  CoOOH+H2O+e-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (2) CoOOH+OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  CoO2+H2O+e-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (3) The shapes of the CV curves indicate that Ni/Co LDH-70 has the highest specific capacitance [18]. To further investigate the capacitive behavior of our electroactive materials, the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements were performed in a three-electrode system and the specific capacitance (Cs) was calculated from the following equation (4): (4) Where I is a constant discharge current (A), Άt is discharge time (s), ΆV is the potential difference, m is the mass of active material. The GCD measurements in a potential window of 0-0.5 V are recorded at a current density of 1 A g-1 (Fig. 4b). The results show that the discharge time of Ni/Co LDH-70 is much longer than those of other electrodes. Based on the GCD curves, the specific capacitance was calculated. The values are 777, 608, 114,2 and 1017 F g-1 for Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55, Ni/Co LDH-70, and Ni/Co LDH-85, respectively. Wang et al. [19] prepared Ni/Co nanoplates using a surfactant assisted method. The rough nanoplates of an increased surface area displayed the specific capacitance of 311 F g-1, which was 2.3 times higher than that of smooth-surfaced Ni/Co nanoplates. It was concluded that creating more interspaces or a larger area can improve an electrochemical performance [19, 20]. Amongst our samples, Ni/Co LDH-70 with three dimensional defectless microspheres exhibits the highest capacitance. This texture promotes the electrolyte access to the more active centers than those available to electrolyte i n more defected microspheres of the samples synthesized at other temperatures. Since Ni/Co LDH-70 exhibits the best performance, its CV curves were measured at the scan rates 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mV s-1 (Figure 4c). The shape of the CV curves remains almost unchanged with an increase in the scan rate, suggesting a quick CV response with fast potential sweep and promising capability for energy storage [21]. In addition, all CV curves present a well-defined reduction and oxidation peaks with a slight shift in both cathodic and anodic peak potentials with an increasing scan rate. This suggests that an ion diffusion rate limits the redox reaction [22]. GCD curves of Ni/Co LDH-70 at different current densities (Fig.4d) show two visible voltage plateaus in the charge and discharge parts of the plots. More importantly, the GCD curves of Ni/Co LDH-70 are highly symmetrical at various current densities, indicating fast and good electrochemical reversibility of the Faradaic redox reactions. The capacitance of Ni/Co LDH-70 calculated from the GCD curves at the current densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 10 A g-1are 1142, 1130, 1098, 1081, 1053, 994, and 970 F g-1, respectively. The capacitance values gradually decrease with increasing current densities from 0.5 to 10 A g-1, owing to the fast electron transfer [23]. Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 exhibit the capacitance of 777, 608 and 1017 F g-1, respectively. It is important to mention that the specific capacitance of Ni/Co LDH-70 is 970 F g-1 at a high current density of 10 A g-1, and it consists of 84.9% of that at 0.5 A g-1. For Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 , the corresponding values are at 610, 392 and 812 F g-1 representing the capacitance retentions of 78.5%, 64.5% and 79.8%, respectively. Such differences in the electrochemical performance can be explained by the morphology differences between the samples. As discussed above, the Ni/Co LDH-70 sample consists of uniform three dimensional microspheres built of nanosheets with the interspaces between them. These spaces increase the electrolyte access to the surface of the active materials. Thus the interconnected thin nonosheets in defectless microspheres provide more active sites for reactions with the electrons, which leads to the high capacitance [24, 25]. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement is one of the fundamental methods to examine the electrochemical behavior of electrode materials. The Nyquist plots for the Ni/Co LDH materials in a frequency range of 100 kHz to10 mHz are displayed in Figure 5a. All the impedance spectra of the Ni-Co LDH materials are very similar to each other with a small semicircle at high-frequency and an inclined line at low-frequency [26]. The point intersecting with the real axis (Z) at the high frequency represents the internal resistance, which includes the total resistances of intrinsic resistance of active materials, electrolyte resistance. and the contact resistance at electrolyte/electrode interface (Fig. 5a inset) [27]. This value is almost the same for all electrodes. The semicircle at the high frequency corresponds to the charge transfer resistance (Rct) [28]. At low frequencies, the liner part shows the Warburg impedance resulting from the ion diffusion resistance of the elect rolyte in the active material [21]. Ni/Co LDH-70 exhibits the smallest semicircle diameter, which suggests the minimum charge transfer resistance and maximal electrochemical conductivity. The straight line at low frequencies range is close to Z axis. This suggests that the capacitive performance is not only related to the diffusion process but double layer can also form [21, 29]. The effective ions diffusion and electron transfer of the Ni/Co LDH-70 electrode can be linked to the well-organized three dimensional and defectless micropheres [30]. For the evaluation of the feasibility of practical application of our materials, we constructed the asymmetric supercapacitors with Ni/Co LDH-70 as a positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode in 6 M KOH solution. The charge-discharge measurements of the Ni/Co LDH-70 were carried out at the current density range from 0.2 to 2 A g-1 with an operating potential from 0 to 1.6 V (Fig. 5b). All curves show the symmetric-like shape, indicating the high electrochemical reversibility of the process. In addition, Ni/Co LDH-70 displays a small voltage drop at the beginning of the discharge process due to the internal resistance [31]. The values of specific capacitance of Ni/Co LDH-70 calculated from the galvanostatic charge -discharge curves are 163.5, 151, 137, 133 and 129 F g-1 at current densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 A g-1, respectively. And 78.7% of the capacitance is retained when the current density increases from 0.2 to 2 A g-1. For comparison, the specif ic capacitances of all supercapacitors tested are collected in Table 2. The supercapacitors of Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 show the specific capacitance of only 109, 86 and 150 F g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. They still keep 84, 62 and 117 F g-1 at 2 A g-1, respectively. The capacitances of Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 maintain at 77.2%, 72.3% and 78.2%, respectively, when the current density increases from 0.2 to 2 A g-1. Based on those specific capacitance values, the energy and power densities of supercapacitors were further calculated ( and )[32]. Figure 5c shows that the energy densities decrease gradually with the increase in the power densities for all cells. At the same power density, the energy density of Ni/Co LDH-70 is much higher than those of other cells, which means that the Ni/Co LDH-70 cell has superior performance in terms of both energy and power density. The energy density of the Ni/Co LDH-70 is 58.13 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 160 W kg-1. Even at a high discharge current of 2 A g-1, the energy density still remains at 45.78 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1600 W kg-1. Compared to other samples, the asymmetric supercapacitor of Ni/Co LDH-70 exhibits a significant improvement in both power density and energy density. This may be due to its broad potential window of 0-1.6 V and the high specific capacitance. The well-defined three dimensional microspheres of Ni/Co LDH-70 lead to the excellent energy-power combination. The results are comparable with those reported in the literature [5, 6]. For instance, Li et al. reported a new synthetic method for preparation of 16 nm-ultrathin NiCo-based layered double hydroxides (LDH) in an ethylene glycol solution. Their assembled asymmetric capacitor exhibited an energy density of 33.7 Wh kg-1 at power density of 551 W kg-1 with a 1.5 V operating voltage [5]. Tang et al. synthesized nickel cobalt double hydroxide nanoflowers with various Ni/Co ratios using a simple hydrothermal process at 120  °C. Their asymmetric supercapcitor exhibited 19.4 Wh kg-1 at 80.5 W kg-1, and even 20.6 Wh kg-1 at 3.93 kW kg-1 [6]. Cycling stability is a prime factor for evaluating the practical performance of asymmetric supercapacitors. Figure 5d collects the capacity for 2000 cycles of charge-discharge measurements between 0 and 1.6 V at a current density of 1 A g-1 in a two-electrode system. The capacitances of all Ni/Co LDH remains almost unchanged. With an increasing cycle number, the interfacial contact between the active material and a nickel foam may deteriorate, owing to the volume change of the active material during charge-discharge process. This might lead to a higher ohmic resistance of the asymmetric supercapacitors [33]. The calculated capacitances from GCD curve retain about 84.7%, 88.4%, 92.2% and 91.5% of their original capacitances after 2000 cycles for Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55, Ni/Co LDH-70 and Ni/Co LDH-85, respectively. The asymmetric supercapacitor of the Ni/Co LDH-70 shows a better cycling stability than those reported for other supercapacitors consisting of Ni/Co hydroxides [5, 6]. 4. Conclusions Ni/Co LDH of diverse morphologies determined by different particle sizes and thicknesses of nanosheets have been successfully prepared at various reaction temperatures in NH4Cl/NaOH mixture. Apparently the temperate affects the amount of OH and the kinetic of its release. Both those factors govern the morphology of assemabled Ni/Co LDH. The synthesized materials showed differences in their electrochemical performance. The Ni/Co LDH-70 (prepared at 70 °C) consists of uniform, defectless and well-defined microspheres with diameters around 3 ÃŽÂ ¼m. These 3-D microspheres are constructed from interconnected ultrathin nanosheets. Such an arrangement provides the space accessible to electrolyte and enables an efficient utilization of active centers. It also results in a high stability of the electrode upon cycling. Ni/Co LDH-70 shows the highest capacitance of 1142 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 and the value is still at 970 F g-1 at a high current density of 10A g-1, which is 84.9% of that at 0.5A g-1. The asymmetrical Ni/Co LDH-70 // activated carbon (AC) supercapacitor was tested in two-electrode system with a wide potential window of 0-1.6V. The results show that highest energy density of the Ni/Co LDH-70 reaching 58.13 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 160 W kg-1. Even at a high discharge current of 2 A g-1, the energy density still remains at 45.78 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1600 W kg-1. Acknowledgement This work was supported by China Scholar Council, the Scientific Research Foundation for the returned overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry and Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology High Efficient Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering Technology, Hebei University of Technology and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University. References [1] T. Yan, Z.J. Li, R.Y. Li, Q. Ning, H. Kong, Y.L. Niu, J.K. Liu, Nickel-cobalt double hydroxides microspheres with hollow interior and hedgehog-like exterior structures for supercapacitors, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22 (2012) 23587-23592. [2] H.N. Ma, J. He, D.B. Xiong, J.S. Wu, Q.Q. Li, V. Dravid, Y.F. Zhao, Nickel Cobalt Hydroxide @Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanolayers for High Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Remarkable Cycling Stability, Acs Applied Materials Interfaces, 8 (2016) 1992-2000. [3] W.P. Sun, X.H. Rui, M. Ulaganathan, S. Madhavi, Q.Y. Yan, Few-layered Ni(OH)(2) nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitors, Journal of Power Sources, 295 (2015) 323-328. [4] T. Yan, H.Y. Zhu, R.Y. Li, Z.J. Li, J.K. Liu, G.L. Wang, Z.Q. Gu, Microwave synthesis of nickel/cobalt double hydroxide ultrathin flowerclusters with three-dimensional structures for high-performance supercapacitors, Electrochimica Acta, 111 (2013) 71-79. [5] R. Li, Z. Hu, X. Shao, P. Cheng, S. Li, W. Yu, W. Lin, D. Yuan, Large Scale Synthesis of NiCo Layered Double Hydroxides for Superior Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitor, Scitific Report, 6 (2016) 18737. [6] Y. Tang, Y. Liu, S. Yu, W. Guo, S. Mu, H. Wang, Y. Zhao, L. Hou, Y. Fan, F. Gao, Template-free hydrothermal synthesis of nickel cobalt hydroxide nanoflowers with high performance for asymmetric supercapacitor, Electrochimica Acta, 161 (2015) 279-289. [7] B. Mavis, M. Akinc, Three-component layer double hydroxides by urea precipitation: structural stability and electrochemistry, Journal of Power Sources, 134 (2004) 308-317. [8] T. Hibino, H. Ohya, Synthesis of crystalline layered double hydroxides: Precipitation by using urea hydrolysis and subsequent hydrothermal reactions in aqueous solutions, Applied Clay Science 45 (2009) 123-132. [9] J.W. Lee, J.M. Ko, J.-D. Kim, Hierarchical Microspheres Based on alpha-Ni(OH)2 Nanosheets Intercalated with Different Anions: Synthesis, Anion Exchange, and Effect of Intercalated Anions on Electrochemical Capacitance, J Phys Chem C, 115 (2011) 19445-19454. [10] Z.A. Hu, Y.L. Xie, Y.X. Wang, L.J. Xie, G.R. Fu, X.Q. Jin, Z.Y. Zhang, Y.Y. Yang, H.Y. Wu, Synthesis of alpha-Cobalt Hydroxides with Different Intercalated Anions and Effects of Intercalated Anions on Their Morphology, Basal Plane Spacing, and Capacitive Property, J Phys Chem C, 113 (2009) 12502-12508. [11] H. Chen, L. Hu, M. Chen, Y. Yan, L. Wu, Nickel- Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for High- performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials, Advanced Functional Materials, 24 (2014) 934-942. [12] X. Liu, R. Ma, Y. Bando, T. Sasaki, A General Strategy to Layered Transition-Metal Hydroxide Nanocones: Tuning the Composition for High Electrochemical Performance, Advanced Materials, 24 (2012) 2148-2153. [13] J. Huang, T. Lei, X. Wei, X. Liu, T. Liu, D. Cao, J. Yin, G. Wang, Effect of Al-doped beta-Ni(OH)(2) nanosheets on electrochemical behaviors for high performance supercapacitor application, Journal of Power Sources, 232 (2013) 370-375. [14] M. Li, K.Y. Ma, J.P. Cheng, D.H. Lv, X.B. Zhang, Nickel-cobalt hydroxide nanoflakes conformal coating on carbon nanotubes as a supercapacitiv

Euthanasia is the Best Option :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia is the Best Option    Euthanasia is a very controversial topic. People argue as to whether or not a person who is terminally ill, or handicap, should have the right to die by euthanasia.   People say that dying by euthanasia is to die with dignity,  instead of living an artificial life on respirators and other life support machines. If a person is terminally ill, and there is nothing anyone can do for them, why should they have to suffer?   Not only do they suffer but their family does also.   They will watch as their condition gets worse, and then the vision in their head of the loved one who has finally died many months after they were diagnose as terminally ill, is a memory of a person lying there helpless, not able to feed themselves, get out of bed, or talk to you.    One notable euthanasia case would be Sue Rodrigous.   She had a disease known as Lou Gehrig's disease or ALS, which is a rare incurable disease of the nervous system. ALS gradually destroys the nerves that control the muscles.   The results of which are weakness, paralysis, and eventually death.   That is what Sue Rodrigous was suffering from for well over a year.   Knowing that her condition was only going to get worse, and eventually, after the pain and suffering, would result in death, Sue wanted to die. She wanted people to remember her as a lively healthy woman, not just a body lying helpless in a hospital bed. With that thought in mind, Sue went to court to fight for right to die by euthanasia. The courts did not agree with her though.    Dr. Jack Kevorkian, proposed the creation of a new medical specialist, the "obitiarist," who would assist terminally ill patients to take their own lives, subject to strict guidelines.    His patient also suffered from Lou Gehrig's disease.   She was in bad shape, struggling to hold her head up, could not talk, and had to communicate using a computer keyboard.   She was deteriorating quickly.   "She was very smart," he said, a note of sadness entering his voice.   Kevorkian built a machine called the "mercitron," a jumble of tubes and bottles that would allow patients with little mobility to inject themselves with a lethal cocktail of drugs.

The Philosophies of John Stuart Mill as a Guide for the World Essay

The Philosophies of John Stuart Mill as a Guide for the World Dr. Pest's comments: This student's term paper is a model of how to apply the philosophical concepts of a previous century to our present society. She showed how the ideas of John Stuart Mill can be used by intelligent people to construct a society with more opportunities for women and to insure respect for intellectual freedom. As the world moves into the twenty-first century, it faces many problems. War, disease, over-population, and starvation are examples of problems that have yet to be solved. However, progress has been made in many areas that aid in the reduction of human misery. Diseases, through research and scientific study, are better understood—many that formerly were considered deadly are now treatable. Advances in agricultural technology have enabled crops to be grown in great abundance, and thus feed many more people than was possible previously. Unfortunately, there are several problems that seem to defy any of the world's best efforts to remedy them. The subjection of women in much of the world leads to much human misery, as well as being a waste of half of the population where it takes place. The attitude that a woman should be under the rule of a man is one that has only recently changed in the West (and not universally there); in many parts of the world women are no better off than they were hundreds of years ago in this respect. Even in the United States there are many who advocate women's restriction to a submissive role in the home; many of these people are part of the religious right, a politically vigorous group. It is difficult to hope that less advanced nations will take the initiative in freeing women from political and social rest... ... Unity (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), 40. 11 Ibid., 41-42, 47-48. 12 Ibid., 42-47 13 Mi11 and Mill, Essays on Sex Equality, 190-191. 14 Ibid., 183. 15 Bodman and Tohidi, Women in Muslim Societies, 93. 16 Mi11 and Mill, Essays On Sex Equality, 77. 17 John Stuart Mill, Three Essays on Religion (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1998), 242. 18 Mahnaz Afkhami,ed., Faith and Freedom: Women 's Human Rights in the Muslim World (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995), 140. 19 Ibid, 177-179. 20 Ibid., 144. 21 New Era Encyclopedia, 1992 ed., s.v. "Sharia," by Larry B. Miller. 22 Ibid. 23 Mills, Three Essays on Religion, 139. 24 Delos B. McKown, The Mythmaker’s Magic: Behind the illusion of "Creation Science" (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1993), 29. 25 Mi11, Three Essays on Religion, 242-43. 26 McKown, The Mythmaker 's Magic, 55. 27 Ibid., 64.

Healthcare, Medicare, and Medicaid Essay -- Health Medicine Government

Healthcare, Medicare, and Medicaid The U.S. health care system is a scrutinized issue that affects everyone: young, old, rich, and poor. The health care system is comprised of three major components. Since 1973, most Americans have turned to managed-care programs, known as HMOs. The second type of health care offered to Americans is Medicare, health care for the elderly. The third type of health care is Medicaid, a health care program for the poor. Why is our health care system made up of three components, and how did the U.S. health care system develop? A Historical View The idea of prepaid health care dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. The first HMOs were started in the 1920s in Elk City, Oklahoma as a farmers’ cooperative. In Los Angeles, California the Ross-Loos Medical Group offered prepaid medical services to employees and families of the Los Angeles County Department of Water and Power. Other large prepaid group practices originated in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1942 employee health premiums were made tax deductible to employers, not individuals. By this time, many individuals were discouraged from buying health insurance. In 1965 Congress created Medicare. Subsidized, unrestricted health care for the elderly led to enormous spending by patients and doctors. As a result, health care costs went up, making it impossible for individual health insurance. Many liberals in Congress believed that having the government pay for everyone’s health care could control costs. They promoted the idea of health maintenance organizations. President Nixon proposed the HMO Act. In 1973 Congress passed it. Legal impediments were removed to increase the growth of HMOs. HMOs were developed as pa... ... which the federal government should contribute. The block grant program has gained popularity because the federal government, simply, transfers Medicaid money to the state to distribute it accordingly. Between 1987 and 1992, thirty mandates were issued to states that related to program eligibility, reimbursements, and services. Works Cited: â€Å"Medicaid Reform-Introduction.† The Century Foundation: Policy in Perspective. 06 Oct. 2003 . â€Å"Medicaid Reform-What’s Right with Medicaid?† The Century Foundation: Policy in Perspective. 06 Oct. 2003 . Medicaid Reform-What’s Wrong with Medicaid? The Century Foundation: Policy in Perspective. 06 Oct. 2003 . Healthcare, Medicare, and Medicaid Essay -- Health Medicine Government Healthcare, Medicare, and Medicaid The U.S. health care system is a scrutinized issue that affects everyone: young, old, rich, and poor. The health care system is comprised of three major components. Since 1973, most Americans have turned to managed-care programs, known as HMOs. The second type of health care offered to Americans is Medicare, health care for the elderly. The third type of health care is Medicaid, a health care program for the poor. Why is our health care system made up of three components, and how did the U.S. health care system develop? A Historical View The idea of prepaid health care dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. The first HMOs were started in the 1920s in Elk City, Oklahoma as a farmers’ cooperative. In Los Angeles, California the Ross-Loos Medical Group offered prepaid medical services to employees and families of the Los Angeles County Department of Water and Power. Other large prepaid group practices originated in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1942 employee health premiums were made tax deductible to employers, not individuals. By this time, many individuals were discouraged from buying health insurance. In 1965 Congress created Medicare. Subsidized, unrestricted health care for the elderly led to enormous spending by patients and doctors. As a result, health care costs went up, making it impossible for individual health insurance. Many liberals in Congress believed that having the government pay for everyone’s health care could control costs. They promoted the idea of health maintenance organizations. President Nixon proposed the HMO Act. In 1973 Congress passed it. Legal impediments were removed to increase the growth of HMOs. HMOs were developed as pa... ... which the federal government should contribute. The block grant program has gained popularity because the federal government, simply, transfers Medicaid money to the state to distribute it accordingly. Between 1987 and 1992, thirty mandates were issued to states that related to program eligibility, reimbursements, and services. Works Cited: â€Å"Medicaid Reform-Introduction.† The Century Foundation: Policy in Perspective. 06 Oct. 2003 . â€Å"Medicaid Reform-What’s Right with Medicaid?† The Century Foundation: Policy in Perspective. 06 Oct. 2003 . Medicaid Reform-What’s Wrong with Medicaid? The Century Foundation: Policy in Perspective. 06 Oct. 2003 .

Phidias & Associates Essay

In the best interest of the productivity and success of Phidias & Associates, I’d like to suggest the adoption of a corporate strategy already in use by NASA and other leading countries across the world. Corporate napping is an exceptionally cost-effective and efficient way to improve the accuracy, alertness, and speed of workers by as much as 34%. The conversion of Phidias & Associates to a nap friendly zone would enhance the experience of around 92% of employees. Immediate improvements in energy, creativity, problem-solving, and job satisfaction would be in the bright future of this company. The first step to realizing the reality of this advancement is the addition of a nap room to the offices of Phidias & Associates. What other room in our building can offer such impressive gains for our country? A nap room doesn’t need to be elaborate. Many companies utilize a sound proof room, several couches, and a dimmer switch to provide a place for employees to recharge and renew. Rather than rearranging the office space, I’ve discovered an even easier alternative for the company to immediately begin reaping the benefits of corporate napping. The company MetroNaps rents and sells individualized EnergyPods to high-paced future-thinking organizations like Phidias & Associates. For only $12,485, we could purchase an EnergyPod. There’s also the option to rent EnergyPods for only $10/per employee/per month. A productivity boom is only a small investment away! In addition to a place to nap, our employees will require one other change to fully embrace this advancement. In America, a strong negative stigma surrounds the concept of napping in the workforce. This judgment is holding back our country’s and company’s potential for success. Other countries, like Japan, and some of our own country’s top leaders, like Thomas Edison and John Kennedy, utilized napping for its purpose-the restore energy. A few brief informative meetings and distribution of educational materials could change the mindset of Phidias & Associates to view napping as a tool for our company’s growth. Ten and twenty years ago, large and successful companies modernized their facilities by adding fitness centers. Realizing that physical and mental health extends beyond the benefits of exercise, corporate napping is what’s missing from our organization. By becoming a leader in the industry, we can harness the secret gains of this largely unknown trick to boosting productivity. Nap rooms benefit the executives, the employees, and the advancement of Phidias & Associates. Please consider the lofty paybacks of installing a nap room and e-mail me your reply.

Manifest Destiny American Civil War Essay

translucent DestinyIn the 1840s the United States change magnitude its territory to stretch from the Atlantic to the peaceful Ocean. This fetch was acquired through treaty, struggle, and negotiation. The opportunities of this large flying field of down offered in terms of resources and concern were great. The positive of M.D. do not outgo the negative consequences. Manifest Destiny is a historic obligation, in the 1800s the Americans believed that the unpatterned luck of the United States was to expand to the peaceful Ocean. The United States started as costal colonies except eventually the fulfilled their manifest destiny and expanded buy conquering and purchase kill. The Americans gained more primer coat by buying it from France in the lanthanum Purchase and they withal acquired land by cession as they did in the Mexican Cession. Other ways of expanded their land was to take it by force many settlers killed the Indians and stole their land from them. The American s in the 1800s believed that it was the historic duty of their nation to expand to the Pacific Ocean. They believed that the land was rightfully theirs. They ignored the fact that the land was already occupied and began to move west. They did not recognize the Indians as people they cut them as potential slaves, so they barely killed them and took their land. Much of the land was bought from France in the Louisiana Purchase, but otherwise lands such as Texas, California and operating room was not theirs. apply both military strength and negotiations, the US was determined to fulfill their historic duty. The master(prenominal) difference between the border issues of Oregon and Texas is the way these issues were settled. The Texas issue resulted in a war with Mexico, which gained land and lost soldiers. However, this did allow for the US to gain more land than just Texas. The Oregon issue, on the other hand, was more peaceful. The US negotiated and made a treaty with Britain ins tead of going to war with them. However, both these issues were different ways the US gained land and expanded their nation.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

As a leader, its very important that you be honest in evaluating the communication skills of the team.Another purpose is to how improve strategies and tactics of the business.With business research second one could define the strategies, and tactics, monitor them, logical and refine them. Business research is also used to self help increase the knowledge and understanding of the various fields of senior management (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Developing the appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis is crucial in the research process as the full well thought out questions will focus the researcher’s much attention to the most pertinent aspects of the issue, opportunity or dilemma.Theres no team.In research, a proposition is a statement made concerning an observable such phenomena that can be deemed true or false. This proposition is the foundation of what will be formulated as the hypotheses of our research.The hypotheses are of a tentative and conjectural very n ature (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). In the hypotheses we assign independent variables to a given case.

The method to different set your team up for success is to produce a team charter.Researchers use variables when genetic testing hypotheses.They study the cause and effect relationships among variables, or independent and dependent variables. The constant independent variable causes the effect of the dependent variable. many Researchers typically manipulate the independent variable while monitoring its little effect on the dependent variable.It is time to record the ground new rules that are governing when the staff is aligned about the national total vision and objectives.? Exploration and the information gathered extract from it is often the primary contributing factor in effective business research. This week the learning team discussed objectives related to the purpose of business research. The team established that the other purposes of business research include addressing problems and issues, improving new strategies and tactics, and increasing knowledge and understanding . The team also conferred on the value of developing appropriate research such questions and hypotheses, agreeing that appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis are crucial.

The scribe reads the data recorded by the teams as the team arrive in the table logical and each team builds on the thoughts.It is crucial to understand that were Putting I in Team.Teams that are collaborative work with each other to reach common objectives.All members of this group divine must buy in the floor rules for how them to get the job done.

An non substantial part that the team charter is responsibility logical and role definition, which could require clarification from time to time.Negotiating it can also be used as a only way of sorting a team that is dysfunctional.Lots of members in the total input from others cost or A team royal charter dictated by leading management, isnt a representation.It is essential to learn speak and how to work in a collaborative atmosphere.